ABSTRACT
The discussion on pathophysiological of multiple sclerosis (MS) mainly focuses on T and B cells in adaptive immune response, but less involve in the myeloid cells (dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia) in the innate immune system, which also play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. The myeloid cell population acts as antigen-presenting cells and effector cells in neuroinflammation in the innate immune system. The interactions between T cells and myeloid cells form a vicious cycle which makes the disease continuous deterioration. At present, the studies on the therapeutic drugs for MS mainly are focused on the adaptive immune system, but pay less attention to myeloid cells. In this article, we reviewed the sub-types and functions of myeloid cells, their changes in MS patients and animal models, as well as the effects of some therapeutic drugs for MS on myeloid cells, in the purpose of finding new targets and strategies for development for MS therapy.
ABSTRACT
Medicinal values and their chemical bases of Paris (Trilliaceae) are reviewed. Paris plants include 40 species and varieties. Among them, 18 ones are medicinal plants with similarity in traditional uses. Fourteen species have been studied phytochemically, which led to isolation of 207 compounds including 121 steroidal saponins. These saponins are major active constituents from Paris plants, which can explain the traditional uses of the plants to treat cancer, malignant boil, bleeding, gastritis, and so on. The similarity in medicinal uses and chemical constituents of Paris plants implies the possibility of resource substitution among these species. It is worth to further investigate Paris plants in chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, biological property, and toxicology.